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Charles-Saint-Ange Thilorier was a student at the École polytechnique in the class / year of 1815, who was mistakenly believed to have been the first person to create solid carbon dioxide ("dry ice"). Actually, a French inventor, Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier (1790–1844), discovered dry ice. Unfortunately, in almost all of his technical articles, Adrien Thilorier gave his name simply as "Thilorier";〔However, his name is given as "A. Thilorier" in one article: A. Thilorier (1836) ("Acide carbonique liquéfié et solidifié" ) (Liquefied and solidified carbonic acid), ''Journal de chimie médicale, de pharmacie et de toxicologie'', 2nd series, 2 : 3-8.〕 similarly, whenever others referred to him in technical articles, his name was also given only as "Thilorier". This impeded efforts by scholars to identify him subsequently.〔Even a brief (romanticized) biographical article about Thilorier didn't mention his first name. See: Samuel-Henry Berthoud, ''Les Petites chroniques de la science'' (Paris, France: Garnier Frères, 1861), volume 2, (pages 180-186 ).〕 The confusion was compounded when Paul Thénard wrote a biography of his father, Louis Thénard, a French chemist:〔Paul Thénard, ''Un grand Français: Le chimiste Thénard'' (1777-1857) (Dijon, France: Imprimerie Jobard, 1950).〕 In 1835, Adrien Thilorier had created dry ice by spraying liquid carbon dioxide into a glass vessel. He had thought that the dry ice was merely snow; that is, water vapor from the atmosphere which had condensed as a result of the cold that the evaporation of the liquid carbon dioxide had produced. Louis Thénard had explained to Thilorier that his "snow" was actually solidified carbon dioxide.〔See: * Thilorier (1835) ("Solidification de l’acide carbonique" ) (Solidification of carbonic acid), ''Comptes rendus'' … , 1 : 194-196; see especially page 196. * Thomas O'Conor Sloane, ''Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases: A Practical Work'' … , 3rd. ed (New York, New York: Norman W. Henley Publishing Co., 1920), (page 138 ). * Paul Thénard (1950), p. 177.〕 In a footnote of Louis Thénard's biography, Paul Thénard identified the "Thilorier" who discovered dry ice as "Charles-Saint-Ange Thilorier", a student at the École polytechnique in the class of 1815.〔Paul Thénard (1950), p. 176.〕 This (mistaken) identification was mentioned by Duane H. D. Roller, a graduate student at Harvard University, in a paper that was published in 1952.〔Duane H. D. Roller (1952) "Thilorier and the first solidification of a "permanent" gas (1835)", ''Isis'', 43 : 109-113 ; see especially page 111.〕 Consequently, many sources claim that Charles-Saint-Ange Thilorier discovered dry ice. Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier was an employee of the French Post Office in Paris who invented, among other things, an oil lamp, a gas compressor, and an apparatus for producing liquid carbon dioxide. It was a French scholar who revealed that he had discovered dry ice. During the 1960s, Madeleine Ambrière-Fargeaud, a scholar in France, was trying to identify the person who served as the model for a "mad scientist" character, Balthazar Claës, in Honoré de Balzac's novel ''La Recherche de l’absolu'' (The Quest of the Absolute). Her research suggested that Claës was inspired (in part) by Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier.〔Madeleine Ambrière-Fargeaud, ''Balzac et "La Recherche de l’absolu"'', 2nd ed. (Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France, 1999), pp. 91-107.〕 By 2003, Joost Mertens, a Dutch historian of science, had verified many of the findings that Ms. Ambrière-Fargeaud had made about Thilorier.〔Joost Mertens (2003) ("Du côté d’un chimiste nommé Thilorier: Balthazar Claës modèle d’Adrien Thilorier" ) (Towards a chemist named Thilorier: Balthazar Claës model Adrien Thilorier), ''L'Année balzacienne 2003'', 1 (4) : 251-263.〕 That "Thilorier" is actually Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier is proved by French government documents, especially patents. In 1826, he was granted a patent for a "hydrostatic lamp"; the patent lists his name as "Thilorier (Adrien-Jean-Pierre)" of Paris.〔Patent 4913: Adrien-Jean Thilorier, ("Pour une lampe hydrostatique," ) ''Description des machines et procédés spécifiés'' … , 44 : 416-429 (1841); issued: May 12, 1826.〕 His 1831 patent for a gas compressor also lists his name as "Thilorier (Adrien-Jean-Pierre)" and describes him as an employee of the "Administration des postes" (i.e., the Post Office) in Paris.〔Patent 2896: Thilorier, Adrien-Jean-Pierre, ("Pour le perfectionnement d'une machine à comprimer le gaz, …" ) (For the improvement of a machine to compress gas, …), ''Description des Machines et Procédés consignés dans les brevets d'invention'', … , 30 : 251-267 (1836); issued: May 16, 1831.〕 In 1832, the ''Bulletin of the laws of the kingdom of France'' also lists him as "Thilorier (Adrien-Jean-Pierre)" and as an employee of the Post Office, who resided at number 21 on the Place Vendôme in Paris, and as the inventor of a gas compressor.〔The ''Bulletin des Lois du Royaume de France'' (Bulletin of the laws of the kingdom of France), 9th series, part ii, no. 92, (page 74 ) (February 1832) lists: "24° M. Thilorier (Adrien-Jean-Pierre) employé à l'administration des postes, demeurant à Paris, place Vendôme, no 21, auquel il a été délivré le 16 mai dernier, le certificat de sa demande d'un brevet d'invention de dix ans pour le perfectionnement d'une machine à comprimer le gaz; …" (24th Mr. Thilorier (Adrien-Jean-Pierre) employed at the Post Office, residing in Paris, Place Vendôme, no. 21, where was delivered May 16th last, the certificate, by his request, for a patent of invention for ten years for the improvement of a machine to compress gas; … )〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Charles Thilorier」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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